‘performed' R&D and ‘extra-mural' R&D, and focuses on R&D productivity and patent quality as key indicators of innovation. The … performance in patent quality and sales; (b) government expenditure on R&D and extra-mural R&D drive international patent … collaboration, and (c) the latter is a crucial determinant of patent quality …

Patent settlements between originator and generic firms in the pharmaceutical industry have been challenged by … entry and therefore harming consumers. However, it is still heavily disputed under what conditions such patent settlements … contributed to our knowledge about the effects of these patent settlements and the possible rules for their antitrust treatment …