Why are there areas with persistenly low levels of income or consumption? This could result from the concentration of households with a low capital endowment or from variations in households’ environment. Peru is a country with a very much fragmented topography and climate, that combines dry...

This work analyses the targeting performance and the impact evaluation of three projects. The first paper is about the water subsidies in the Republic of Congo. The study shows that the self-targeting scheme, using an Inverse Block Tariff structure has poor performance, indeed only those...

The people of Madagascar, and particularly those of its capital, Antananarivo, strongly support democracy, and reject authoritarian regimes. Support among the poor is no different from other social groups. However, living conditions in poor city wards have resulted in values and attitudes of...