The wave flow pattern builds up along the hull and expansion flow behind the hull is absorbing the energy from the ship as a resistance. The ship's resistance and the behaviour of its components are significant in estimating the propulsion of the ship, which positively influences fuel...

The needs to reduce energy consumption have to be applied to all sector, and one of them is transportation. Shipping is the most significant component of it, and therefore optimising a ship performance and reducing its resistance is a subject for many researchers. One of many ways to reduce drag...