The various strands of extant empirical research are inconclusive about the complementarity or substitutability between different innovation mechanisms, such as internal and external R&D. Using a panel sample of 83 incumbent pharmaceutical firms covering the period 1986–2000, our empirical...

When inter-firm alliance contracts are inevitably incomplete and include interdependent, though to some extent non-contractible, activities, contracting parties can device coordination mechanisms that both facilitate guidance of the alliance through communication and promote mutual adaptability...

The principal purpose of this study is to revisit the classic research question regarding the lag structure of the patents–R&D relationship through an examination of the impact of internal R&D on firm patenting in the context of the global pharmaceutical industry during 1986–2000. Our...