In the wake of the global liberalization of financial and currency markets in the 1970s and 1980s, currency substitution has given rise to increasing policy concern. In developing countries, this phenomenon mainly results from the flight out of the domestic currency as a reaction to...

The Baltic Sea region has been subject to processes of both disintegration and integration. On the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea, former CMEA trade relations as well as the traditional system of Soviet socialist division of labour has disintegrated after 1991. With the exception of the...