Since the beginning of the transformation in Poland, trade unions have experienced nearly two decades of declining membership numbers and influence. This article shows that not only the restructuring of the economy but also the trade union policies and organizational forms themselves contributed...

The changes of the division of labour between Western and Central-Eastern Europe and the relocation of production have provoked uncertainty and social conflicts. The low wages and the (allegedly) low level of institutionalized labour standards in Central-Eastern Europe are seen as a threat for...