nothing if it loses. We study a model of war with such an asymmetric payoff structure, and private information about military … win the war unless its expected military technology is considerably worse. Our model may thus explain why defending …

income. We explain this process of democratization as a rational way for incumbent elites to wage war effectively on other … nations, as in a strategic game of international conflict handing over military spending decisions to citizens who face a …

Macroeconomic costs of conflict are generally very large, with GDP per capita about 28 percent lower ten years after … conflict onset. This is overwhelmingly driven by private consumption, which falls by 25 percent ten years after conflict onset …. Conflict is also associated with dramatic declines in official trade, with exports (imports) estimated to be 58 (34) percent …

The category of conflict encompasses not only war but also crime, litigation, strikes and lockouts, and redistributive … politics. Exchange theory and conflict theory constitute two coequal branches of economic analysis, the first based upon … conflict are reviewed. Preferences, opportunities, and perceptions are shown to determine the choice between conflict and …

To date, there is limited understanding about the consequences of wartime dynamics for post-war state … armed groups govern territories and civilians within them-that under certain circumstances may be harnessed in the post-war … the type of statebuilding and political regime trajectories that emerge in the post-war period. …