study uses pooled data from the European Social Survey to examine possible reasons for this ‘over-confidence’ of immigrants …, arguing that it is largely the relatively lower expectations of immigrants from countries with poorer institutional … performance that account for this difference. The eminent role of expectations is also underscored by the finding that low social …

In this paper we study the effect of optimistic income expectations on life satisfaction amongst the Chinese population … strong in the countryside and amongst rural-to-urban migrants. The importance of these expectations for life satisfaction is … particularly pronounced in the urban areas, though also highly significant for the rural area. If expectations were to reverse from …