We investigate empirically how electoral democracy and judicial independence relate to personal freedom. While judicial … independence is positively and robustly related to personal freedom in all its forms, electoral democracy displays a robust …

freedom is frequently associated with electoral democracy, developments in countries such as Hungary, Poland, Turkey and … Russia, where elected populist leaders with authoritarian tendencies rule, suggest that electoral democracy may not be the … provide a firmer foundation. We investigate empirically how electoral democracy and judicial independence relate to personal …