subjects may exit. In a simple model, both kinds of competition are substitutes. Internal competition (democracy) benefits … democracy, and rulers are less eager to oppose it, when external competition is high. In a panel of countries, there are fewer … changes towards democracy when states have low GDP relative to their neighbours. -- political competition ; dictatorship …

We present a theory to explain government procrastination as a consequence of its present-bias resulting from the … theory predicts that a government with a more strongly predominant party tends to procrastinate less. -- present …