This paper develops a framework for analyzing different policymaking styles, their causes and their consequences in Latin America, finding that lower institutionalization and greater use of alternative political technologies (APTs) are more likely the lower the cost of using these technologies,...

This paper argues that where institutions are strong, actors are more likely to participate in the political process through institutionalized arenas, while where they are weak, protests and other unconventional means of participation become more appealing. This relationship is explored...

How do parties choose issues to emphasize in campaigns, and when does electoral competition force parties to address issues important to voters? Empirical studies have found that although parties focus disproportionately on favourable issues in campaigns, they also spend much of the 'short...

We consider alternative methods of measuring the competitiveness of a majoritarian electoral system in the context of an analysis of Indian State elections. Our analysis highlights a number of weaknesses in the construction and interpretation of commonly used measures such as the effective...

Werden Bundestagsabgeordnete von ihren Parteien abgestraft, wenn sie in namentlichen Abstimmungen im Bundestag nicht mit ihrer Partei stimmen? Betrachtet wurden alle 218 namentlichen Abstimmungen in der Legislaturperiode 2009–2013 für 257 über die Liste in den Bundestag eingezogene...