The immediate health cost of violent armed conflict is in the form of deaths and injuries of the combatants as well as civilians. However, these costs are mostly pertinent to major violent internal and international conflicts. Minor violent armed conflicts and nonviolent/ latent conflicts do not...

This paper re-examines the causal impact of military expenditure on growth in the presence of internal and external threats for the period 1990-2013 using data from 70 developing countries. We find that differences in methods, model specifications, and the underlying estimation sample partly...