reduces both moderate and extreme violence. The reason is that a high penalty keeps relatively 'gutless' individuals from … relatively 'tough' individuals to commit moderately violent acts and so makes moderate violence more attractive for otherwise …

Although women?s police centers have been gaining popularity as a measure to address domestic violence, to date no … quantitative evaluations of their impacts on the incidence of domestic violence or any other manifestations of gender equality have … most severe form of domestic violence. Given that a high fraction of female deaths among women ages 15 to 49 years can be …

violence. To understand why, this article offers a theory about criminal governance in five types of criminal regimes …