This paper provides empirical evidence of changes in the productivities of manufacturing firms in Indonesia over time …, in the form of total factor productivity (TFP), from 1990 to 2010 with and without considering carbon dioxide (CO2 …. The Malmquist productivity index is employed to estimate TFP without CO2 emissions over time, whereas the Malmquist …

fiscal reforms in emerging economies like Indonesia can bring about large environmental benefits with little to no effect on …

-products of the production process such as air pollution that could have deleterious effect on health and productivity in the …Multifactor productivity (MFP) is increasingly used in economic policy, not least to compute potential output. Most …