This paper surveys the recent literature exploring the causes of urban pollution in the developing world and the … implications of such pollution for a city's competitiveness. Within a system of cities, cities compete for jobs and people. Those … pollution inhibit urban competitiveness? Second, why is this effect likely to grow in importance over time? Third, why have …

positively and negatively. Therefore, the basic aim of this paper is demonstrating that cities can resist pollution and improve …

's cities from the personal perspectives of the rich, middle class, and poor, and how they cope with the stresses of pollution …