The energy business is in transition from a cost structure based on fuel and capital to a business that also accounts for the carbon footprint of energy production, transmission and end use. In the European Union (EU), this is already the case, with a liquid and functioning carbon emissions...

Portfolio management is confronted with climate change – stronger and more rapidly than expected. Risks arising from the transition process from a brown, carbon-based to a green, low-carbon economy need to be integrated into portfolio and risk management. We show how to quantify these carbon...

Much attention has been paid to the complex risk transmission between carbon and energy markets along with the increasing global financial market integration. This research thus uses the DCC-MVGARCH model and spillover index method to investigate volatility linkages between the European carbon...

The aim of this paper is to study the performance of carbon-based portfolios when all emissions scopes are accounted for. We formalize low-carbon portfolio strategies by integrating a carbon intensity penalty to a constrained mean-variance optimization framework. To do so, we resort to direct...