evaluation of the methodological and empirical advances in the measurement of the extreme market risk. This paper argues that a … sustain the rise of financial markets. Thereafter, this review identified the value at risk (VaR) and VaR-based alternative … expected shortfall (ES) as the principal measures of extreme market risk. The deficiencies in the standard modelling approaches …

can be used in risk measurement and forecasting. Value at risk (VaR) is a widely used measure of financial risk, which … assumptions alone in measuring risk. Cushioning against risk has always created a plethora of complexities and challenges; hence …, this paper attempts to analyse statistical properties of various risk measures in a not normal distribution and provide a …