Prior research uses the basic one-period European call-option pricing model to compute default measures for individual firms and concludes that both the size and book-to-market effects are related to default risk. For example, small firms earn higher return than big firms only if they have...

Index tracking has long been of interest for both industry of fund management andacademia. Various methods have been proposed and tested and various issues arediscussed throughout the past 30 years. Yet one issue remains unresolved is how toperform stock selection optimally. In this paper, I...