"Standard" environmental economics considers emissions trading to be the most effective and efficient policy instrument to meet the emission target. However, a popular view is that tradeable permits should be part of a policy portfolio, including other instruments, to reach this goal. Support...

We show in a dynamic investment setting whether firms choose FDI or international portfolio investment (FPI) in the presence of stochastic productivity taking into account differences in flexibility of both investments. Isolated FPI and FDI investments are compared to combined FPI and FDI...

We investigate whether international operations enhance information links between firms and foreign investors. Exploiting novel subsidiary-level data and within-firm-location variations, we show that, after a firm expands into a new market, it attracts a larger increase in portfolio allocation...

The residence-based framework of measuring international exposure is increasingly less informative, as a growing number of firms locate in low-tax jurisdictions and issue securities through offshore subsidiaries. This has clouded the view of capital flows and investor exposures from standard...