The research aimed to check whether investment fund managers maintain costs similarly from period to period. The … research verified the hypothesis that managers maintain costs in the subsequent periods at a similar level. The study used a … performance with costs, assuming that managers also control these values. Costs were defined as: (1) total costs, (2) total costs …

We study the interdependencies between transaction costs, portfolio characteristics, and mutual fund performance. Using … percentage transaction costs than smaller funds. Larger mutual funds trade less frequently and hold bigger stocks to actively … avoid incurring higher trading costs. Gross returns of larger funds are lower than those of smaller funds due, in part, to …

opportunities at lower transaction costs. These skills are particularly valuable during periods of market stress. Moreover, trader …