mathematical expectation, pA, which only used probability(risk),to incorporate both liquidity preference(w) ,l, and the risk of … has absolutely NOTHING to do with probability.The result has been that chapter 17 of the General Theory, which is quite … intellectual mess by ignorant economists trying to explain Keynes’s theory of liquidity preference with the concept of probability …

In this paper, a dual risk model under constant force of interest is considered. The ruin probability in this model is … method, the ruin probability can be well approximated for any gain distributions. Examples involving exponential, uniform …