Frontier markets, sometimes referred to as “emerging emerging markets,” have high transaction costs so investors who rebalance their portfolios monthly do not receive diversification benefits. However, diversification gains can be achieved by investors rebalancing every three months or...

We find that leverage-initiating stocks experience an increase in return comovement with existing leveraged stocks and a decrease in return comovement with existing zero-leverage stocks in the year after the leverage initiation event. In contrast, stocks that fully deleverage comove more with...

We consider the frequency and correlation of extreme return observations or “jumps” across equities, Treasury bonds, corporate bonds, currencies, commodities, and real estate. Understanding more about jumps is important to investors as diversification across asset classes is diminished if...

We use firm characteristics to estimate the enduring momentum probabilities for past winners (losers) to continue to be future winners (losers). The enduring momentum probability is significantly related to stock return persistence and explains cross-sectional expected returns. In addition, it...

Time-series momentum (TSMOM) and moving average (MA) trading rules are closely related; however there are important differences. TSMOM signals occur at points that coincide with a MA direction change, whereas MA buy (sell) signals only require price to move above (below) a MA. Our empirical...