Bottom-up optimization models neglect the inclusion of investment behavior We introduce three investor types that differ in their investment cost specifications, financing costs, and discounting. This leads to a substantially different pace and rate of adoption for specific generation...

I examine energy stocks in the context of a diversified investment portfolio. Several factors – the importance of the energy sector, their potential to hedge energy risks, growing interest in real assets, as well as anecdotes of sophisticated investors focusing on energy investments –...

In this paper we utilise the risk factors from both the finance and energy economics literatures to develop an improved asset pricing model (the Augmented-Four-Factor Model or AFFM) in the context of the European energy utility sector. In addition, we undertake inter-sectoral and inter-temporal...