migrating peasants, and, consequently, has a positive effect on narrowing the rural-urban income or consumption gap. Urban labor …

Most methods for the analysis of distributional change rely on the changes in the income of a particular group of … standard against a richer group, thereby capturing a notion of change in relative income, which embodies the influence of … others' wellbeing on the judgment of the group's own situation. The indices, and related relative income change (RIC) curves …

proximity in the income distribution to the reference individual. …