needs, and negative if it is less. Islam has a substantially more sophisticated view of the relation between wealth and …According to western views, wealth is unambiguously good, and so human welfare is positive when wealth is in excess of … welfare. Excess wealth is a trial, which can bring great rewards if utilized correctly, and also bring great harm if utilized …

One of Islam's five canonical pillars is a predictable, fixed, and mildly progressive tax system called zakat. It was … few decades after the rise of Islam, zakat opened the door to arbitrary political rule and material insecurity. A major …