This study assesses the redistributive effects of fiscal policy in Mali and Niger. Fiscal policy is poverty increasing … in Mali (by 2.4 percentage points) and Niger (2.5 percentage points). This is a result of primarily two factors: indirect … taxes (value-added taxes and import duties) and direct fiscal transfers. Although the richest people in Mali and Niger pay …

demographic, economic and farming data from 618 households in southern Mali, of which 155 benefitted from an ecological sanitation … community level. -- household productivity ; ecological sanitation ; UDDT ; Mali ; fertilizer ; matching …