reach a very small proportion of the households with incomes below a relative poverty line. Furthermore, the transfers are … characterized with very high non-take up and inclusion of non-entitled or non-poor recipients. Poverty rates decrease by a small … degree among benefit clients and yet, the impact is insufficient to affect overall poverty, or for the benefits to achieve …

a very small proportion of the households with incomes below a relative poverty line. Furthermore, the transfers are … characterized with very high non-take up and inclusion of non-entitled or non-poor recipients. Poverty rates decrease by a small … degree among benefit clients and yet, the impact is insufficient to affect overall poverty, or for the benefits to achieve …

margins of the poverty line were found to be small and robustness and sensitivity tests were done to accompany simulation … middle income countries that examined optimal approaches to reduce child poverty using universal categorical child allowances …. Simulations found that individual level allowances reduce poverty more than household level allowances. Such individual level …

(1988-2008), we tell the story of this descent into hell from the standpoint of poverty and living standards. In 2008, after … five years of civil war and another episode yet to come (2010-11), the extreme US$1.25 poverty headcount had reached a …