welfare, even when addressing the issue of selection into commercialization. While the production of vegetables for the export … welfare are weaker and supportive only for the domestic market channel, which weakens the notion of smallholder …

(1988-2008), we tell the story of this descent into hell from the standpoint of poverty and living standards. In 2008, after … five years of civil war and another episode yet to come (2010-11), the extreme US$1.25 poverty headcount had reached a …

This paper examines the impact of the recent recession in Belarus on poverty and broader measures of household welfare … vulnerability to poverty, based on an estimated probability of falling below the national poverty threshold not exceeding 10 percent …-income households to a much greater extent, and the negative welfare effects lingered. The paper also documents that although the …

average share of household income from welfare transfers), low-income targeting, and universalism - and poverty and … social policy better reduces poverty than social policies targeted at the poor. This article revisits Korpi and Palme … equality. Specifically, we investigate the relationships between three dimensions of welfare transfers - transfer share (the …