This research examines the long-run relationship between the spot oil price and retail and wholesale gasoline prices … adjustment of gasoline prices and the spot oil price suggest a long-run relationship between retail and wholesale gasoline prices … and the crude oil price. Further, results here suggest that both retail and wholesale gasoline prices respond …

This paper examines empirically the relationship between vertical integration and wholesale gasoline prices. We use … discrete and differential changes in the extent of vertical integration generated by mergers in West Coast gasoline refining … relationship between vertical integration and wholesale prices, controlling for horizontal market structure, cost shocks and trends …