This paper evaluates the effect on crime of creating a fundamental modern-day institution: centralized professional … police forces tasked with preventing crime. We study the 1829 formation of the London Metropolitan Police - the first … professional force worldwide. Using newly digitized and geocoded crime and police data together with difference-indifferences and …

likelihood of future criminal justice involvement fell, with no apparent increase in local crime rates. …

will argue that trials do not bring prevention through deterrence because deterrence (i.e. the fear of possible punishment … International Criminal Court have made the latter observations, little has been said about why prevention may not be served by …