Health care markets often lack a market force because the presence of health insurance undermines price signals …, Switzerland introduced out-of-pocket price differentiation. As of July 1st 2011, substitutable pharmaceuticals with prices above a … predefined threshold were subject to 20% coinsurance instead of the regular 10% coinsurance rate. Using comprehensive price data …

provides an overview of price setting across OECD health care systems. It then covers the economic rationale and the …

This paper models different external reference pricing schemes - a price cap based on the drug price in one or two … countries and on the minimum or average drug price - in a three-country framework. It studies the choice of external reference … the minimum price-rule or under the average price-rule. External reference pricing increases the drug price and decreases …

-patent pharmaceuticals. We present a theoretical model with price-sensitive and loyal consumers that shows that a decrease in the reference … price affects the consumers' co-payments in a non-monotonic way: For high reference prices, a marginally lower reference … price may lead to lower co-payments. However, for low reference prices a further reduction may result into higher consumer …

. Allowing for price cap regulation, we show that the negative effect on generic entry can be reversed, and that reference …

External reference pricing imposes a price cap for drugs based on prices in other countries. This paper studies the …-country-framework. Given that the manufacturer sells to all three countries, the minimum price-rule yields the lowest drug price. As external … reference pricing may increase the drug price in the reference country, it creates the incentive for the reference countries to …

predicts that the drug price zero markup policy (ZMP) will lead to a reduction in the demand for drugs but an increase in the …

prices are much higher in the US. This fact has led policymakers to consider legislation for price controls. This paper … smaller price decreases in the US than price increases in reference countries. The magnitude of these effects depends on the …

predicts that the drug price zero markup policy (ZMP) will lead to a reduction in the demand for drugs but an increase in the …

Theoretical considerations suggest that nonlinear health care price schedules have heterogeneous effects on health care … heterogeneous reactions to the introduction of a nonlinear price schedule in the German statutory health insurance system. In … the new price schedule while a second group of individuals does not react. Post-estimation analyses reveal that the group …