Objectives: We estimated out-of-pocket health care spending and out-of-pocket spending burden ratio employing household … burden ratio employing household equivalent income, and identified factors associated with out-of-pocket spending. Methods …

Background: Poor health increases the likelihood of experiencing poverty by reducing a person’s ability to work and … impact that healthcare costs have on household living standards in a high-income country with a long established universal … health care system. We undertook this analysis using a longitudinal, nationally representative dataset – the Household Income …