Germany, Italy, the UK, Denmark, the US, and Taiwan. We divide household including elderly into five types: living alone … decreasing recently in Japan. In Japan and Taiwan even in households cohabiting with children, the poverty rates and income …

Starting in 2009, the Labor Insurance (LI) program in Taiwan has allowed workers to choose between pension old … Taiwan to empirically test this prediction. In order to isolate other systematic structural changes or economic shocks from …