Starting in 2009, the Labor Insurance (LI) program in Taiwan has allowed workers to choose between pension old-age benefits and one-time old-age benefits. The introduction of the pension option not only mitigates longevity risk for workers but also provides a higher expected present value of...

Examining the impact of basic medical insurance integration on households’ welfare is essential for finding policy solutions for health and welfare inequality. Based on the various implementation time of the urban-rural medical insurance integration in different prefectural cities of China, we...

Chronic disease is a kind of health shock that most people cannot avoid, which will increase households' medical expenditure and probably decrease other consumptions. Health insurance is a formal mechanism against health shocks. Theoretically, the integration policy of rural and urban residents...