Although the in uence of exceptional weather on individual behaviour has already been acknowledged in finance …, psychology, and marketing, the literature examining weather effects at more aggregate level is still limited. Further, there is a … lot of anecdotal evidence that weather anomalies affect consumer spending and retail business. The main aim of this …

Monthly fluctuations in consumer spending are often attributed to the weather. This paper presents a model in which … weather affects the productivity of time in nonmarket activities (such as shopping or recreation), and so, via time and budget … constraints, may induce substitution in spending across goods and over time. Using monthly data on retail sales and weather data …

; this correlation is a clear feature of the data. Using daily rain precipitation from thousands of weather stations in U …