We trace the rise of the so called oligarchs in post-Soviet Russia and examine their relationship to income … distribution in Russia. When Russia moved to a market economy in the 1990s a new business elite evolved. Russia's distinctive path … inequality. Our results show significantly higher levels of income inequality in regions with a higher presence of oligarchs. …

but offsetting in Hungary and Romania, and from small effects of all types in Russia and Ukraine. The positive employment …

large, positive, but offsetting in Hungary and Romania, and from small effects of both types in Russia and Ukraine. The … negative effect in Russia, and they provide some evidence of positive foreign effects on both wages and employment in all four …

% in Hungary, and 3% in Ukraine, with some variation across specifications, while in Russia it lowers it about 4 …. The positive effects emerge within a year in Hungary, Romania, and Ukraine and continue to grow thereafter, but are still … ambiguous even after 5 years in Russia. Pre-privatization MFP exceeds that of firms remaining state-owned in all countries …

Hungary and Russia are small (3-5%) negative wage effects found. Privatization to foreign investors has positive estimated … result from effects on scale, productivity, and costs that are large but offsetting in Hungary and Romania, and from small … effects of all types in Russia and Ukraine. The positive employment outcome under foreign ownership results from a substantial …

models imply that majority privatization raises MFP about 15% in Romania, 8% in Hungary, and 2% in Ukraine, while in Russia … estimates are robust to alternative functional forms, but sensitive to how we control for selection. Our preferred random growth …. Positive domestic effects appear within a year in Hungary, Romania, and Ukraine and continue growing thereafter, but take 5 …