corruption in admissions to public colleges. The idea of vouchers failed while the test faces furious opposition and crises. This … paper considers vouchers, standardized tests, educational loans, and privatization as related to educational corruption. The … test is criticized by many for being a cause of the further increase in educational corruption. However, the test is needed …

The paper investigates how efficiency of business environment and corruption (informal payments and state capture … corruption activities at the firm-level and firm ownership. We find somehow surprising results that private firms (domestic and … foreign owned firms that are involved in informal payments are likely to benefit from these corruption practices. On the other …

We provide a firm-level analysis of the relation between corruption and growth for private firms and state …-owned enterprises (SOEs) in Vietnam. We obtain three different measures of the perceived corruption severity from a 2005 survey among … 741 private firms and 133 SOEs. Our analysis shows that corruption hampers the growth of Vietnam's private sector, but is …

corruption. Adverse interactions between politics, business and law enforcement generate obstacles for the rule of law and remain … for productivity improvements, which are urgently required to ensure stronger growth in Russia because of a shrinking …