Based on contribution patterns to parties in Germany and elsewhere, we suggest that democracies should use a mixed system where private funding can play a larger role than public funding. In Germany the high level of public funding for parties can be reduced without expecting undesirable effects...

America has a divided social system in which both the public and private sectors provide benefits and services. The relationship between party control and public social spending is well known. Yet, most citizens receive social insurance through the private sector and the government heavily...

The instability of government in the quarter century following the Revolution has been the subject of considerable scholarship. This essay argues that one of the factors preventing this instability from tipping parliamentary government into full-scale inaction was the development of private...

State-owned enterprises (SOEs) are both the economic and political bases of the Chinese Communist Party (the Party) and the Chinese state. The overarching principle of SOE reform is to firmly implement the Party’s leadership and the modern enterprise system. This principle creates a political...

As scrutiny of government actions affecting international trade relations continues to increase, the relevance of private party actions having an impact on those relations may gain in importance. Since the 1960s, the GATT member states have been cognizant of the role that private parties can...