Resampling methods are used to calculate confidence limits in a meta-analysis of the association between unions and productivity for the population of U.S. studies. The available evidence points to a positive and statistically significant association between unions and productivity in the U.S....

The impact of employee relations on performance has received much attention. Theory predicts that employee relations will impact on efficiency as well as productivity, yet researchers usually assume a production process that is fully efficient. In this paper, the stochastic production frontier...