non-trade factors like epidemic or pandemic resulting in skill deficiencies, and translating into productivity slowdown … the low labor-productivity growth in the African nations-without reinventing the wheel by estimating the impact of … preferential access trade agreement--the ricochet effect of the trade-induced productivity benefits via intermediates in the …

firm productivity. Using disaggregated Chinese firm‐level production data from 2004 to 2006, we find strong evidence that … output trade liberalization boosts firm productivity. More importantly, after controlling for the firm's self‐selection in … the market. The lower the firm productivity, the more is invested in the firm's worker training. Finally, the effect of …