This policy paper studies the effects of a sudden stop of natural gas imports from Russia on the German economy. The analysis focuses on the supply-side effects that arise when a gas shortage affects production in the gas-intensive manufacturing sectors, with a corresponding production...

This study examines the impact of uncertainty on mergers and acquisition (M&A) activity. We focus on product market uncertainty in the oil and gas sector. Analysing this industry enables us to construct a natural forward-looking measure of product market uncertainty, namely the implied crude oil...

Based on firm level data in the French manufacturing sector, we find that firms adapt quickly, strongly and through multiple channels to energy shocks, even though electricity and gas bills represent a very small share of their total costs. Over the period 1996-2019, faced with an idiosyncratic...