) in France, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States in the very long run (since 1890) and in the medium run (since … productivity in the United Kingdom relative to the United States, and to a lesser extent also relative to France and Japan until … and Japan after WW2, which was however interrupted in the case of Japan during the 1990s. The contribution of capital …

and Japan than in the United States. Employment contributes the largest proportion of the cycle in Europe and the United … States (but not Japan), which is inconsistent with the idea that higher levels of employment protection in Europe dampen …