the first time the negative impact of cronyism on economic growth. In the early 2000s, a policy shift in Egypt led to the …Using a large, original database of 385 politically connected firms under the Mubarak regime in Egypt, we document for … 1996 and 2006 experienced lower aggregate employment growth during the period than those that did not. A wide array of …

We provide evidence that a weak banking sector has contributed to low productivity growth following the European … natural experiment to study the effects of reduced bank capital adequacy on productivity. Affected banks respond not only by …