particular in terms of the debate of economic development and convergence in standards of living - an important question then is …

Evaluating real convergence or divergence in the EU is challenging because it is diffi cult to fi nd an appropriate … counterfactual or comparison benchmark, or to formulate one. Should we compare the status quo with convergence that would have been … exploit recent research and discuss real convergence in the EU, using the new and old German Bundesländer (states) since …

Discussion on the possibilities for and barriers to income convergence and catch-up growth is at the heart of the … catch-up. Both convergence and divergence of productivity across regions are possible. Results show that all considered …