We propose a methodology to include night volatility estimates in the day volatility modeling problem with high … the natural relationship between the realized measure and the conditional variance. This improves volatility modeling by … leverage effect and maintains a mathematical structure that facilitates volatility estimation. A class of bivariate models that …

predictive variance. We show theoretically how this adjustment factor affects both average and volatility of excess returns. We … related to excess volatility as predicted by the model. Further confirming the model's implications, we also show how stock …