Purpose: In this study, we empirically demonstrate how the new variable of "cyclical consumption" can capture consumption risk and predict expected stock returns, which relationship is stronger and should be considered as the primary macro indicator for stock markets between KOSPI and KOSDAQ,...

This paper studies the signalling effect of the consumption-wealth ratio (cay) on German stock returns via vector error correction models (VECMs). The effect of cay on U.S. stock returns has been recently confirmed by Lettau and Ludvigson with a two-stage method. In this paper, performances of...