Order flow imbalance refers to the difference between market buy and sell orders during a given period. This paper is the first study to examine effects of order flow imbalance on returns of stocks traded on the German Xetra trading system on a daily basis. In contrast to previous studies on...

A limit order book provides information on available limit order prices and their volumes. Based on these quantities, we give an empirical result on the relationship between the bid-ask liquidity balance and trade sign and we show that liquidity balance on best bid/best ask is quite informative...

Many securities markets are organized as double auctions where each incoming limit order --- i.e., an order to buy or sell at a specific price --- is stored in a data structure called the limit order book. A trade happens whenever a market order arrives --- i.e., an order to buy or sell at the...