Emerging literature focuses on insurers' earnings management using estimated liability for unpaid claims, known as loss reserve. An insurance company generally uses the traditional estimation methods with linear estimation to measure loss reserve error, but those methods are often criticized for...

Temporal climate risk weighs heavily on many of the world's poor. Model-based climate forecasts could benefit such populations, provided recipients use forecast information to update climate expectations. We test whether pastoralists in southern Ethiopia and northern Kenya update their...