, including optimizing demand for ATMs, forecasting the load on the call center and cash center, is considered. A machine learning …

This paper explains and forecasts the demand for banknotes issued in Germany. For small and large denomination notes we … estimate vector error correction models (VECM). The results suggest that the long-run demand for German small denomination … notes is mainly driven by domestic transactions and demand from outside the euro area. The transaction motive in the rest of …

, looking at the past relationship between demand for Bank of England notes and a range of economic variables and cash industry … approaching a point of inflection - a paradigm shift in the demand for cash that causes the pre-existing relationships to break … down. To account for this, central banks must continue to research cash demand, its current and future drivers, and how …