SEC rules require managers to reconcile their non-GAAP forecasts with the most directly comparable GAAP measure unless doing so would entail ‘unreasonable effort'. A significant and growing number of managers invoke the unreasonable efforts exception to justify the omission of comparable GAAP...

Previous research finds that EPS growth is difficult to predict and reasons that much of the observed variation in valuation multiples is due to mispricing (e.g., Lakonishok, Shleifer, and Vishny, 1994; Chan, Karceski, and Lakonishok, 2003; Israel, Laursen, and Richardson, 2021). We revisit these...